{"id":28289,"date":"2022-08-23T12:03:38","date_gmt":"2022-08-23T12:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.agrimprove.com\/the-circle-of-endotoxins-and-dairy-cattle-disease\/"},"modified":"2023-01-17T13:58:16","modified_gmt":"2023-01-17T13:58:16","slug":"the-circle-of-endotoxins-and-dairy-cattle-disease","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agrimprove.com\/tr\/the-circle-of-endotoxins-and-dairy-cattle-disease\/","title":{"rendered":"Endotoksinler ve s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ili\u015fkisi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yet\u0130\u015ft\u0130r\u0130c\u0130l\u0130\u011f\u0130nde \u00fcretimi giderek artan ilgi ve \u00f6neme sahip olan bir konu da endotoksinlerin performans parametreleri \u00fczerindeki olumsuz etkileridir.\u00a0 Endotoksinlerin s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ve metabolik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, performans\u0131 ve k\u00e2r\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi giderek daha belirgin hale gelmektedir.<\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endotoksinler ve gastrointestinal sistem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Endotoksinler ya da yayg\u0131n ad\u0131yla lipopolisakkaritler (LPS), gram-negatif bakterilerin d\u0131\u015f h\u00fccre duvar\u0131n\u0131n bakteriyel b\u00fcy\u00fcme s\u0131ras\u0131nda sal\u0131nan bile\u015fenleridir. Normal fizyolojik ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda epitel, LPS’nin kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na giri\u015fini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in bir bariyer g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr, b\u00f6ylece sadece s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 miktarda LPS gastrointestinal epitel bariyerine n\u00fcfuz eder (Andersen ve ark., 1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antijenler, mikroorganizmalar, sitokinler, pH dalgalanmalar\u0131, diyet de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, laktasyon a\u015famas\u0131 ve psikolojik stresin neden oldu\u011fu stres fakt\u00f6rleri gibi fizyolojik ko\u015fullardaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n bariyer \u00f6zelliklerinin bozulmas\u0131na neden olarak epitel ge\u00e7irgenli\u011finin artmas\u0131na ve LPS al\u0131m\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir (Gareau ve ark., 2008). Rumen ve ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar aras\u0131ndaki epitel yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, LPS translokasyonu i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131klara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Translokasyon veya LPS’nin epitel boyunca ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, epitel h\u00fccre zar\u0131 boyunca (transsel\u00fcler) ve\/veya h\u00fccreler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 boyunca (parasel\u00fcler) ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir (Tomlinson ve Blikslager, 2004). Transsel\u00fcler ta\u015f\u0131ma esas olarak apikal membrandaki resept\u00f6rler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla aktif mekanizma ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ve resept\u00f6r arac\u0131l\u0131 endositozu tetikler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GIT’de \u00fcretilen endotoksinlerin sisteme \u00fc\u00e7 potansiyel giri\u015fi vard\u0131r: lenfatik sistem, portal ven veya sistemik dola\u015f\u0131m (\u015eekil 1). Dola\u015f\u0131mdaki pro-enflamatuar sitokin (PIC) IL-1, IL-6 ve TNF-\u03b1 konsantrasyonlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f gastrointestinal epiteldeki hasardan, karaci\u011ferdeki makrofajlardan (Kuppfer h\u00fccreleri), lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerinden, ya\u011f dokusundan veya bunlar\u0131n bir kombinasyonundan kaynaklanabilir. Bu pirojen PIC’lerin \u00fcretimi metabolik, klinik ve imm\u00fcnolojik etkilere neden olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endotoksinlerin gastrointestinal sistem yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u015eekil 1: Lenfatik sisteme veya portal vene giren endotoksin lokal makrofajlar taraf\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak IL-1, IL-6 ve t\u00fcm\u00f6r nekroz fakt\u00f6r\u00fc (TNF)-\u03b1 gibi proinflamatuar sitokinlerin sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tetikler. Sitokinler sistemik dola\u015f\u0131ma sal\u0131n\u0131r ve karaci\u011ferde serum amiloid A (SAA), LPS-ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 protein (LBP), haptoglobin (Hp) ve C-reaktif protein (CRP) gibi akut faz proteinlerinin \u00fcretimini tetikler. Endotoksinler karaci\u011fer veya lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerindeki yerel makrofajlardan ka\u00e7arsa, sistemik dola\u015f\u0131ma girecek ve LBP ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr bir farkl\u0131la\u015fma k\u00fcmesi 14 (sCD14) taraf\u0131ndan kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluklu lipoprotein (HDL) ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu lipoproteine (LDL) ba\u011flanacakt\u0131r. Lipoproteinlere ba\u011fl\u0131 bir endotoksin karaci\u011fer hepatositleri taraf\u0131ndan endositoz edilir ve daha sonra safrada serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r ve deaktive edilir veya beyaz ya\u011f dokusunda (WAT) depolanabilir ve daha sonra sistemik dola\u015f\u0131ma daha fazla sitokin salan ya\u011f makrofajlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. (Eckel ve Ametaj, 2016)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Endotoksinler ve etiyopatoloji<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fct ineklerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen laminitis, retensiyo plasenta, metritis\/endometritis, karaci\u011fer ya\u011flanmas\u0131, abomasum deplasman\u0131 ve s\u00fct hummas\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok periparturient hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n etiyopatolojisinde endotoksinlerin rol\u00fcne ili\u015fkin bilgiler giderek artmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc oldu\u011fu, yani ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131ndan tek bir fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn tek ba\u015f\u0131na sorumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hastal\u0131\u011fa katk\u0131 ya do\u011frudan, enflamatuar bir yan\u0131t\u0131 tetikleyerek ya da kona\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal koruyucu mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tepkisi gibi di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rler yoluyla olmaktad\u0131r (Eckel ve Ametaj, 2016). Enflamasyonun tetiklenmesinde sadece endotoksin konsantrasyonu de\u011fil, bakteri t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn toksisitesi de rol oynamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, E. coli’nin endotoksini, s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n rumeninde bulunan di\u011fer gram-negatif bakterilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha toksiktir (Hurley, 1995), yani E. coli’nin LPS’si rumende bask\u0131n oldu\u011funda, olumsuz etkinin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 beklenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endotoksinler ve SARA<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Stres d\u00f6nemlerinde, s\u00fct ineklerinin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi \u00e7ok fazla bask\u0131 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r (\u015eekil 2). Erken laktasyon, uzun s\u00fcreli negatif enerji dengesi ve diyet al\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ile karakterize edilir. S\u00fct \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in gereken enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere rasyon, kuru d\u00f6nemde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerjili ve y\u00fcksek lifli bir diyetten buza\u011f\u0131lamadan sonra y\u00fcksek tah\u0131l ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck lifli bir diyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bir\u00e7ok durumda, ekstra enerji sa\u011flanmas\u0131, sistemik dola\u015f\u0131ma ula\u015fabilen ve \u00fcretim \u00fczerinde sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olabilen ruminal ve ba\u011f\u0131rsak endotoksin y\u00fck\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015fla ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 2: Negatif enerji dengesi ve aktive olmu\u015f bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tepkisi, s\u00fct ine\u011finin erken laktasyon d\u00f6nemindeki direncini azalt\u0131r<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fct ineklerinde en yayg\u0131n beslenme bozukluklar\u0131ndan biri, genel prevalans\u0131 %11-26 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen subakut rumen asidozudur (SARA) (Plaizier ve ark., 2018). SARA terimi genellikle k\u00f6t\u00fc rumen sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile e\u015fanlaml\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve pH 5,6’n\u0131n alt\u0131nda 180 dakika\/g\u00fcn e\u015fi\u011fi olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Rumende d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck pH, bakteri zenginli\u011finde azalmaya (Plaizier ve ark., 2017), rumen epiteline ba\u011fl\u0131 bakterilerde de\u011fi\u015fikliklere (Petri ve ark., 2020; Plaizier ve ark., 2021) ve gram-negatif bakteri pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015fa neden olur. LPS, artan bakteri b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak veya bakterileri par\u00e7alanmaya\/kopmaya daha yatk\u0131n hale getiren asitlik nedeniyle sal\u0131n\u0131r. Bu nedenle, SARA ya\u015fayan ineklerin rumen s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131nda daha y\u00fcksek konsantrasyonda serbest LPS tespit edilmi\u015ftir (Emmanuel ve ark., 2007; Zebeli ve ark., 2011; Zhou ve ark., 2014). LPS, Streptococcus bovis ve Selenomonas ruminantium (Dai ve ark., 2020) gibi asidozla ili\u015fkili bakterilerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini uyararak bir k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fc yaratabildi\u011finden (\u015eekil 3), LPS SARA’ya katk\u0131da bulunabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u015eekil 3: Endotoksin-SARA d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Endotoksinler ve \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc \u00f6nleyici yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, SARA ve endotoksikoz aras\u0131ndaki yak\u0131n ili\u015fki nedeniyle, SARA’y\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye ve rumen sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Yeterli diyet lifi, konsantre ve ni\u015fasta t\u00fcr\u00fc ve yemleme y\u00f6netimi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi literat\u00fcrde a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, yo\u011fun s\u00fct hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda SARA’dan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak zordur, bu nedenle endotoksinin olumsuz etkilerini daha fazla \u00f6nlemek ve s\u00fct ineklerini geni\u015f bir destek yelpazesi ile sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 tutmak \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endotoksinlerin \u00fcretim parametreleri \u00fczerindeki etkisi, konsantrasyonlar\u0131 ve toksisiteleri, epitelin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, rumen fermantasyon profillerindeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, endotoksinlerin translokasyonu, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tepkisi, besin maddelerinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesindeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ve davran\u0131\u015flardaki de\u011fi\u015fimlerin sonucudur. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, toksin ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 Vitafix\u00ae Spectrum’un kullan\u0131m\u0131yla GIT’deki endotoksin ve mikotoksin konsantrasyonu azalt\u0131labilir. Bu ikili fayda, toksinlerin pithelium ile etkile\u015fime girme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak, sistemik dola\u015f\u0131ma girmelerini ve enflamatuar bir tepkiye neden olmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in uygun maliyetli bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Buna ek olarak, gastrointestinal epitel duvar\u0131, LPS gibi farkl\u0131 fakt\u00f6rler nedeniyle tehlikeye girebilecek bir bariyer olu\u015fturur. Vitanox ile ince ba\u011f\u0131rsaktaki epitel h\u00fccrelerinin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerinde olumlu bir etkiye sahip olarak bu durum \u00f6nlenebilir. Son olarak, rumen mikrofloras\u0131n\u0131n orta zincirli ya\u011f asitleri (Aromabiotic\u00ae Cattle) ile stabilize edilmesi, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir rumen ortam\u0131 yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bu, daha az endotoksin sal\u0131nmas\u0131na, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sisteminin aktivasyonunun azalmas\u0131na ve s\u00fct \u00fcretimini iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in enerji harcanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ne\u011fin genel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k durumunun g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 laktasyon SAYISINI ARTIRIR sa\u011flar. \u00d6nleyici tedbirlerle uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc art\u0131rmak, s\u00fct ineklerinin karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7ift\u00e7inin gelirini en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Your Agrimprove expert<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yet\u0130\u015ft\u0130r\u0130c\u0130l\u0130\u011f\u0130nde \u00fcretimi giderek artan ilgi ve \u00f6neme sahip olan bir konu da endotoksinlerin performans parametreleri \u00fczerindeki olumsuz etkileridir.\u00a0 Endotoksinlerin s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ve metabolik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, performans\u0131 ve k\u00e2r\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi giderek daha belirgin hale gelmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":25657,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4109],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28289","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-tr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEndotoksinler ve s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ili\u015fkisi - 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